Multi-scale approaches for the simulation of cardiac electrophysiology: II – Tissue-level structure and function

Computational models of the heart, from cell-level models, through one-, two- and three-dimensional tissue-level simplifications, to biophysically-detailed ventricles, atria or whole allow simulation excitation propagation this excitation, have provided remarkable insight into normal pathological functioning heart. In article we present equations for modelling cellular (i.e. cell action potential) both a phenomenological biophysical perspective. Hodgkin-Huxley formalism is discussed, along with current generation cardiac models. Alternative Markovian formulations ionic currents are also presented. Equations describing idealised realistic tissues, then For all types model, tissue, methods discretisation integration underlying discussed. The finishes discussion two experimental imaging techniques – diffusion tensor magnetic resonance optical that can be used provide data parameterisation validation cell-